Some books that make you think, though couched in story format, include Heinlein's "Time Enough for Love", "the Number of the Beast", and "Starship Troopers" (little relation to the movie, the book is mostly philosophy) and Norton's Childe Cycle, which includes the Dorsai books, among others.
The above books are also good science-fiction for those of you who just enjoy reading.
Madmen of History is a book I have at home, which covers some aspects of what you want, I will get the author tonight and try to post tomorrow.
Hope that helps.